Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung) ialah kata-kata kalimat yang
diucapkan langsung oleh si pembicara.
e.g -Erin said, “I am so happy”.
-They said, “We have watched football
game”.
Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung) ialah kalimat yang diucapkan
untuk melaporkan kata-kata si pembicara kepada orang lain. Jadi, Indirect
Speech (Reported Speech) digunakan bila kita ingin melaporkan kata-kata seseorang
kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.
e.g -Erin
said that he was so happy
-They said that they had watched football game.
1. Perubahan Stuktur kalimat
Jika kita lihat pada kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri
yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda petik ("). Tada petik tersebut merupakan
cara yang sering digunakan untuk membedakan mana yang direct atau yang
indirect.
Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat
indirect speech, tanda petik tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan
kata "that" atau "to" (untuk kalimat perintah). Misalnya:
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
He
said, "I have a
present for you in my bag."
|
He
said that he had a
present for me in his bag.
|
02
|
He
asked me, "why do
you come late."
|
He
asked me why I came late.
|
03
|
He
orderd me, "don't
bring a bag."
|
He
ordered me to didn't
bring a bag.
|
Perubahan struktur kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech
menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif
(berita).
Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya
"yes-no question" maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya:
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
They
asked me, "Do you
want to join us to play football?"
|
They
asked me if/whether I
want to join them to play football.
|
02
|
He
asked me, "Does she
want to mary me?"
|
He
asked me if/whether she
wants to mary her.
|
Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why,
Who, What, When, WHere, How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif
dengan cara sebagai berikut:
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
He
asked me, "why do you
come late?"
|
He
asked me why you came late.
|
02
|
He
asked me, "what does she
eat?"
|
He
asked me what she ate.
|
03
|
He
asked me, "when did you
come?"
|
He
asked me when I came.
|
04
|
He
asked me, "who are you?"
|
He
asked me who I was.
|
05
|
He
asked me, "who is she?"
|
He
asked me who she was.
|
2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)
Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke
indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit
memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu, penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel
perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti.
Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke
indirect speech.
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
Simple
Present
|
Simple
Past
|
02
|
Present
Continuous
|
Past
Continuous
|
03
|
Present
Future
|
Past
Future
|
04
|
Present
Perfect
|
Past
Perfect
|
05
|
Present
Perfect Continuous
|
Past
Perfect Continuous
|
06
|
Simple
Past
|
Past
Perfect
|
07
|
Past
Continuous
|
Past
Perfect Continuous
|
Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini,
yaitu:
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
V1
(eat)
|
V2
(ate)
|
02
|
V2
(ate)
|
Had
+ V3 (had eaten)
|
03
|
Am/is/are
|
Was/were
|
04
|
Do/does
|
Did
|
05
|
Do/does
not
|
Did
not
|
06
|
Did
not
|
Had
not + V3
|
07
|
Was/were
|
Had
been
|
08
|
Am/is/are
+ V-ing
|
Was/were
+ V-ing
|
09
|
Was/were
+V-ing
|
Had
been + V-ing
|
10
|
Has/have
+ V3
|
Had
+ V3
|
11
|
Will/shall/can/may/must
|
Would/should/could/might/had
to
|
12
|
Could/might/should/would
+ V1/be
|
Could/might/should/would
+ have+ V3/been
|
3. Perubahan Pronoun
Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan
objek yang dipakai di direct speech (kalimat langsung) yang tentunya
mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung).
·
Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We)
pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada
di reproted speech.
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
01
|
He said, ‘I am busy.’
|
He said
that he was
busy.
|
02
|
She said, ‘I am unwell.’
|
She said
that she was
unwell.
|
03
|
I said, ‘I will be late.’
|
I said
that I would
be late.
|
04
|
They said, ‘We will not permit this.’
|
They said
that they would
not permit that.
|
05
|
We said, ‘We need to buy some clothes.’
|
We said
that we needed
to buy some clothes.
|
·
Kata ganti orang kedua (You)
di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported
speech.
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
01
|
He said
to me, ‘You have
to come with me.’
|
He told me that I had to go with him.
|
02
|
She said
to me, ‘You can
go.’
|
She told me that I could go.
|
03
|
She said
to him, ‘You can
go.’
|
She told him that he could go.
|
·
Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they)
pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
01
|
He said, ‘She is a good girl.’
|
He said
that she was a good
girl.
|
02
|
She said, ‘They have invited us.’
|
She said
that they had
invited them.
|
03
|
They said, ‘He does not have the necessary
qualifications.’
|
They said
that he did not have
the necessary qualifications.
|
4. Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan
tempat (Adverbs of time and place)
Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga
mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of
place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
01
|
Now
|
Then
|
02
|
To day
|
That day
|
03
|
Tomorrow
|
The next day
The day after The following day A day later |
04
|
Next ...
|
The ... after
The following ... |
05
|
Last ...
|
The ... before
The Previous ... |
06
|
... ago
|
... before
... earlier |
07
|
Yesterday
|
The day before
The previous day The preceeding day |
08
|
The day before
yesterday
|
Two day before
|
09
|
Here
|
There
|
10
|
This
|
That
|
11
|
These
|
Those
|
Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas.
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
(+)
|
He said, “I
have a present for you in my bag. here”
|
He said that he
had a present for me in his bagthere.
|
(-)
|
He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag” |
He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag. |
(?)
|
He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?” |
He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag. |
(?)
|
He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag? |
He asked
me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.
|
(!)
|
He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag herenow!” |
He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then. |
(!)
|
He ordered me,
“Don’t bring your bag here!”
|
He ordered me
not to bring my bag there.
|
Direct & Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3 jenis yaitu :
I. Statement (pernyataan)
II. Command (perintah)
III. Question (pertanyaan)
I. STATEMENT
Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata that (bahwa)
sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata
yang dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect
statement ialah :
He said He said to
me that + reported words He told me
e.g - Mary told her friends “I have been
to Bali twice.” - Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice.
- Father
said “I am going out of town tomorrow” - Father said
that he was going out of town the following day.
- Eci
told Jhef “my father warned me last
night” - Eci told
Jhef that her father had arned her the night before.
- My
sister said to me “I don’t like tennis” - My sister said to me that she didn’t
like tennis.
- Tom
said “I didn’t go to school this morning” - Tom said
that he hadn’t gone to school that morning.
Apabila kalimat pengantarnya dalam bentuk Simple
Present Tense, maka kalimat yang dilaporkan tidak mengalami perubahan.
e.g -
John says “I will go to Bandung tomorrow”
- John says that he will go to Bandung tomorrow
- Mary
says “I have seen that film” - Mary says
that she has seen that film.
- My
brother says “I met Tom at the party last night”
- My brother
says that he met Tom at the party last night.
- Tom
says “I don’t like English” - Tom says
that he don’t like English.
II. COMMAND
Command
dibagi dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu :
1. Positive
Command
Dalam perintah positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat
perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang
dilaporkan. Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :
to + infinitive
|
He asked me
He told me
e.g -
He asked me “Open your book”
- He asked me to open my book.
- Mary told
me “Stop talking to Jane” - Mary told me to stop talking to Jane.
- Mother
asked John “Pay attention to what I say”
- Mother asked John to pay attention to what she says.
- John told
Mary “Wait until I come”
- John told Mary to wait until he comes.
- The teacher
said to the students “Be quiet while I am talking” - The
teacher told the students to be quiet while she is talking.
2. Negative
Command
Dalam perintah negatif kita tambahkan not to di depan
perintah yang dilaporkan.
e.g - Mary told John “Don’t wait for me”
- Mary told John not to wait for her.
- I told him
“Don’t mention it to anyone” - I told him not to mention it to anyone.
- Father
asked her “Don’t go there alone” - Father asked her not to go there alone.
- Ira asked
Tom “Don’t come to my house again”
- Ira asked
tom not to come to her house again.
- Mothers
asked John “Don’t smoke too much”
- Mother asked John not to smoke too much.
III. QUESTION
Bila
pertanyaan langsung (direct question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya seperti ; Where, When, Why, What, Who, How, dll, maka kata-kata tersebut
digunakan sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan
berubaha menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat pengantarnya ialah :
Positive
Form
|
He asked me where
When
etc.
e.g - The man asked me : “Where do you
live ?”
- The man asked me where I lived.
- John asked
Mary : “Why do you get angry with me ?” - John asked Mary why she got angry with him.
- I asked him
: “When did you get back from your trip ?” - I asked
him when he had got back from his trip.
- He asked me
: “How will you go there ?” - He asked me how I would go there.
- John asked
the girl : “What is your name ?” - John asked the girl what her name was.
Bila
pertanyaan langsung tidak menggunakan kata-kata tanya, dan hanya merupakan
pertanyaan dalam bentuk “Yes
& No Question”,maka kita menggunakan kata-kata if, whether (jika, apakah)
sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan pertanyaan yang dilaporkan.
e.g - The
boy asked John : “Does Mary live near here?” -
The boy asked John if Mary lived near there.
- The teacher
asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?” - The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.
- Mary asked
me : “Did you she John at the party the night before. - Mary
asked me whether I had seen John at the party the night before.
- We asked
them : “Will you go to the movie with us tonight ?” - We asked them whether they would go to the movie with us
that night.
- Mother
asked John : “Are you going to marry her ?” - Mother asked John if he was going to marry her.
Note : Baik if maupun whether dapat digunakan
bergantian
Sumber:
https://sites.google.com/site/grammarbahasainggris/direct-indirect-speech
http://www.belajarbahasainggris.us/2012/04/penjelasan-direct-dan-indirect-speech.html
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